Natural Monopoly for Theory and Strategy - myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theNatural Monopoly for Theory and Strategy. Answer: Economy of a nation resembles the oxygen which empowers the nation to live inhale and flourish. In the realm of worldwide financial improvement China is where the imposing business model of its economy is kept flawless and with extraordinary pride (Baldwin, Cave Lodge, 2012). Hoarding its economy has delivered extraordinary profits to the economy of China as it has pulled an enormous piece of its populace out of destitution. Laborers of China have moved from a low-profitability occupation to high-efficiency employments which are yielding them higher salaries. Imposing business model of economy has its own highlights, for example, fast urbanization, convergence of riches, divergence among residents, enhanced societal position of individuals and some more. China is supplied with practically all the assets to make it a monetary superpower (CHEN ZHU, 2012). Be that as it may, having assets and utilizing them admirably are two distinct issues inside and out. To go top to bottom of the ide a of restraining infrastructure conversation on the nature and the method of business done by organizations of China ought to be finished. In the different exploration papers about the Chinese economy it is composed that it has a thorough system to keep the imposing business model flawless and to improve it further. There are numerous things to be discovered in this conversation and the most significant thing will be the how and why of the guideline the Chinese government forces on the value setting of a characteristic imposing business model. In the accompanying conversation, it is basic that the viewpoints and qualities of the Chinese syndication over its economy will be completely talked about in detail and with legitimate investigation. It tends to be effectively theorized that with regards to imposing business model of economy everything which Chinese government creates and controls comes in the ambit alongside the political and managerial part of China too (Crozet, Nash Preston, 2012). Be that as it may, the accentuation will be on the monetary part as the conversation is about normal syndication on evaluating. Common Monopoly Graph Source: (Created by Author) The main thing which comes into mind when the theme is raised about restraining infrastructure of valuing is the normal assets created in China. Ventures which are situated in China are commanded principally by the State Owned Enterprises which gives its administration elite authority andcomplete independence over the common assets created. At the point when the review was done in the Guangdong area of China it was discovered that the State claimed undertakings approach right around eighty businesses though remote organizations approach just sixty out of which private possessed organizations are permitted to enter just 40 enterprises (Foster McChesney, 2012). This shows the grasp of Chinese government over assembling through its own undertakings. With regards to the Energy Resources Chinese utilize their establishment to keep up their restraining infrastructure as it is additionally official by the Mineral Resources Law. This guarantees the chain more than one piece of the vitality d ivision of China. Another fundamental piece of vitality part is the oil business where the roots on restraining infrastructure are profound. China National Petroleum Corp., China National Offshore Oil Corp., China Petrochemical Corp are a portion of the establishment who have elite privileges of oil investigation both inside and outside China and without their authorization passage of some other organization is precluded (Haucap Klein, 2012). Alongside this the enterprises claimed by outside accomplices working with the Chinese establishment are likewise kept on a tight chain. Another conspicuous limitation which is applied for working together is that the strategy of assessment for outside organizations. Any remote element that desires to go into the oil business needs to agree to the authoritative terms of the Chinese government which are exceptionally inflexible. The legislature approved state organizations arrange, close and execute all the agreements. Aside from this, the ventu re which is being finished by remote elements is additionally examined by the speculation division. Economies of Scale during Natural imposing business model Source: (Created by Author) Because of fast digitization of the world one industry which has become like a help is the media transmission industry (Jun-hao, 2013). It is likewise a conspicuous piece of the economy of China. The nation is the most populated one on the planet and has been similar to this for late decades. The quantity of media transmission clients got from its populace gives it enormous significance and monetary worth. China practices a similar sort of syndication on media transmission industry as it does on the recently talked about businesses. Even more, telecom industry gives a much refined case of the syndication on private and remote part encroachments in China (Joskow Wolfram, 2012). There is a grant framework which limits remote and private substances to go into this industry as the terms and conditions are exceptionally firm with less influence. The stuff set by the Chinese government is exceptionally intense as it incorporates an enlisted permit, capability of a lawful individual, having profound money related assets and labor, better than average reputation of the organization in the field of media transmission. Other than these, the organization ought to give a possibility study reportwhich contains business systems, examination of expected market, venture advantage investigation and guessed nature of administrations (Liangchun Wei, 2012). There are other numerous provisos in the agreement which are extremely difficult to conform to which makes the whole telecom industry exceptionally cornered. Presently hitting on the primary piece of restraining infrastructure of an economy which is imposing business model valuing it tends to be expressed that the State controls all the costs which are permitted to be set higher or lower to according to the comfort of the State to augment the advantages of the partners (Lin, 2015). Cost being a powerful substance is constrained by numerous executes possessed by the State or inside a particular space of the business which can control the volume of creation and can set costs as per the volume of items that are delivered. There are a few strategies by which the value control is monitored all through China. Government estimating, half and half evaluating and mandate valuing are those strategies (Minamihashi, 2012). From the outset we will talk about government estimating. The regions where government valuing are conveyed are railroads parts, power and tobacco. There is a managerial office for Tobacco Monopoly under the board of State which pe rmits just explicit brands and the organization division of Price. There are non-delegate brands of cigarettes which are additionally showcased. The costs of these cigarettes are controlled by the authoritative branch of Tobacco imposing business model at the degree of the territories. At that point the costs are accounted for to the estimating authority set up for the commonplace level. Be that as it may, since 2003, the Bureau for State Monopoly has taken up the arrangement of bound together endorsement of costs. Practically all the evaluating syndication is handled by the branches of organizations which figures the feed-in levy and deal costs and are affirmed from that point. There is a Railway Act which gives the component to set up the costs for railroad transportation (Paltsev Zhang, 2015). Another strategy utilized for Pricing Monopoly is Government Directive Pricing. It is said to happen when the administration bodies or the semi government bodies fix the costs of the wares as indicated by the patterns of the market. Be that as it may, the control on the wares stays with the administration and the semi government bodies. It was seen before 1982, oil costs were fixed and constrained by the legislature. Be that as it may, somewhere in the range of 1982 and 1994, execution of double evaluating framework was done (Shaikh Ji, 2016). Accordingly, the imposing business model cost of oil was constrained to 100 million tons and the excess creation was offered to outside elements at worldwide costs. Be that as it may, as the market status of oil changed in both local and outside business sectors somewhere in the range of 1994 and 1998 merger of costs of both the business sectors was finished. This brought together the costs of the oil in the two markets which brought about inte nse imposing business model of the oil costs. After the usage of these imposing business models, in 1998 declaration was made by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) building up a component for value guideline of raw petroleum and different items made by oil (TANG GUO, 2012). The approach was to provide food the quickly changing paces of oil costs in the global market. However, since China had its own value imposing business model under its administration it was clarified that starting now and into the foreseeable future the cost of unrefined petroleum will be dictated by the universal market. Presently, there was an adjustment in the evaluating framework as the benchmark rate was to be controlled by the NDRC as per the universal paces of the oil. The costs of household oil were to be synchronized with the cost of oil in worldwide market on the main day of June consistently. The costs of different results of oil were to be outfitted with the equivalent on fifth day of June consistently. The most recent revision in the oil estimating was done on nineteenth day of December 2008 which expressed that oil costs of local land will be connected to the costs of worldwide market (TANG GUO, 2012). Be that as it may, the assurance of the oil costs will rest with the legislature and its approved undertakings. The last technique for evaluating imposing business model which is executed by the Chinese government is of Hybrid Pricing. It is the kind of valuing where there is a conjunction of market costs, order estimating and government evaluating. The most known field where such a conjunction exists is the media transmission field. The worth included costs for media transmission and the market costs are dictated by the legislature. Since there is a lot of rivalry in the market the taxes of the media transmission industry are managed. There is another division of Information Industry which deals with all the half breed evaluating and taxes for the administrations of media transmission. The division is claimed by the State Council whic

V.S. Naipaul’s Mimic Men: Analysis of Identity Crisis

V.S. Naipaul’s Mimic Men: Analysis of Identity Crisis Dynamic This article endeavors to decide portrayal of character emergency in V. S. Naipaul’s work Mimic Men. Also, this article endeavors to relate how this novel is packed with the subject of character emergency. Moreover, the investigation of the novel’s class and characters announce subjects that are hued by postmodern attribute of discontinuity, which is talked about on a hypothetical base with an attention on the topic of personality emergency. V.S. Naipaul has consistently spoken to a disavowal of the third-world soul, and has spoken to social orders that have as of late rose up out of expansionism. He depicts the manner in which these social orders work in the post-pilgrim request. Despite the fact that colonialism has passed and the provinces have achieved an autonomous status, yet these countries of the Third World faces a great deal of issues like monetary, social and political, and these are risen character emergency in the general public. As a post-provincial author , Naipaul focuses on significant topics identified with the issues of the colonized individuals. As an onlooker and mediator of the ex-provinces, he explains the insufficiencies of such social orders. In his books, The Mimic Men, the subject gain a comprehensiveness and watches and presents the fracture and distance happen to be the general area of man in the current day world. Presentation Some prominent Third World pundits focus basically on Naipaul’s improvement as an inventive craftsman who gets issues identifying with the Third World. His works illuminate the Post-pilgrim and post-majestic real factors that have formed the contemporary social orders and gives significant experiences identifying with them. Naipaul’s books lead to a superior comprehension of the issues that are looked by the post-supreme ages. In The Mimic Men, it has been seen that, as in the books concentrated in the past parts, the characters just as circumstances in The Mimic Men are managed by a â€Å"ambivalent approach†. The bigger accentuation, in any case, has been believed to be laid on Singh’s demeanor which makes â€Å"ambivalence† personality emergency by stressing his teeter-totter relationship to Isabella and London. For example, in the upper room scene, Singh has been seen to waver between the â€Å"magic† and the â€Å"forlornness† of â€Å"the city,† which is London, the â€Å"heart of Empire†. At that point, in the forward scene, Singh from one perspective scrutinizes his frontier island for being a â€Å"transitional† and â€Å"makeshift† society that â€Å"lacks order,† and then again, he depicts London as â€Å"the more noteworthy disorder† and the â€Å"final emptiness.† While Singh finds the regular components of London, for example, the day off the â€Å"light of dusk† stunning, he hates London’s bluntness and absence of shading. Not long after Singh has left Isabella with the goal never to return, he expresses that London has â€Å"gone sour† on him and that he yearns for the â€Å"certainties† of his island, in spite of the fact that this is the spot from where he once needed to get away. These early scenes, at that point, which go during Singh’s remain as an understudy in London, tell about Singh’s dissatisfactio n with London, to where he has come, â€Å"fleeing disorder,† and â€Å"to locate the start of order.† In a subsequent blaze forward, nonetheless, as Singh shows up at Isabella, he calls his excursion to and from London a â€Å"double journey† and a â€Å"double failure.† This â€Å"ambivalent situation† demonstrates that Singh is no place at home, and it is an aberrant analysis towards the â€Å"coloniser†, who can be supposed to be the first reason for Singh’s â€Å"rootlessness†, personality emergency, since he has â€Å"displaced† frontier individuals like Singh. This contention is strengthened by a model given by Singh, where, to compose his account, he inclines toward the dull suburb lodging of London to the peaceful cocoa domain on Isabella. Singh considers his arrival to Isabella a misstep, however he accepts that the reason for his slip-up has been the â€Å"injury inflicted† on him by London, where he ca n never feel himself as anything other than â€Å"disintegrating, inconsequential, and fluid.† This is another model that shows to what degree Singh has been influenced by the coloniser’s practice of â€Å"displacing† individuals. Leaving Isabella, Singh feels help. Be that as it may, as he shows up in London Singh feels he is â€Å"bleeding.† For the second time he detects the â€Å"forlornness† of â€Å"the city† on which he has twice â€Å"fixed so significant a hope.† Twice he has gone to the â€Å"centre of Empire† to discover request, yet twice he has been disappointed. Personality emergency The personality emergency that his characters face is because of the annihilating of their past and the individuals who in the long run beat the emergency are the ones who have recouped their past or some way or another figured out how to force a request on their narratives and proceeded onward throughout everyday life. Naipaul’s disposition to culture has consistently been dynamic. It is the Third-World’s daze mimicry of the West that he can't stomach. He lashes out at the deficiencies of Third-World social orders, which have their underlying foundations in their customary societies, yet are incognizant of them in their visually impaired after of the West. They are along these lines ready to keep up an unmistakable character. Be that as it may, for the age conceived in a state of banishment, life in the remote soil demonstrates practically lethal, as they have not been honored with the insularity of their progenitors, who went there from India. For the new age, India l oses the feeling of reality that it had passed on to their precursors. The significant subjects that rise up out of a perusing of his books are identified with the issues of the colonized individuals: their feeling of Alienation from the scenes, their personality emergency, the mystery of opportunity and the issue of neocolonialism in the ex-settlements. The individuals who can no longer relate to a social legacy lose the confirmation and uprightness which the finding racial progenitor gives. What's more, the cruel states of expansionism have left the West Indian terrible conditions under the weight of destitution and obliviousness. Since mental and states of being relate so intently, the unhoused, destitution stricken West Indian is so regularly socially and profoundly seized too. His lone option is to make progress toward the way of life of his ex-frontier aces despite the fact that he can't relate to their customs and qualities. In The Mimic men, nonetheless, Kripal Singh isn't i mpeded by neediness, obliviousness, an absence of characteristic ability or the oppression of a getting a handle on Hindu family. He has picked up the material achievement, open greatness and clear freedom that Ganesh, Harbans and Biswas all ached to have. Also, as a result of his college degree and his presentation to a progressively complex society in London, he is better ready to perceive and explain the numerous ills of his local back ground. be that as it may, his obviously unrivaled status and intense awareness don't make him any less helpless against the inconspicuous, yet over controlling outcomes of his mentally divided and confounding past. Truth be told, his capacity to justify his own condition hones as opposed to lessens his all out estrangement from his condition and his last dismissal of a functioning life. The Mimic Men, be that as it may, is in excess of an insignificant elaboration of Naipauls past West Indian books: it is a significant re order of the development and nature of the East Indian, west Indian mind and its response to the three societies, Indian, Creole and English, which impact it. Simultaneously, Kripal Singh, the storyteller, questioner and visionary, remarks on power, legislative issues, social and racial cooperations, sex, training, uprooting, disengagement and character emergency as experienced by the ex-provincial. Every theme is utilized to enlighten a feature of his psyche. End To sum up what has been contended above, Singh is disappointed about both Isabella and London, since he is an individual from a colonized people that has been â€Å"displaced† personality emergency on a pilgrim â€Å"slave-island,† with a racially and socially blended populace. In the period before Singh comes to London, he wavers between his aching to escape from the island, where he feels â€Å"displaced† and â€Å"rootless†, and the inclination that experience past on the pioneer island all things considered joins him by one way or another to it. During Singh’s political vocation, the â€Å"ambivalent attitudes† in Singh and Browne have demonstrated that, while they appear to reprimand the â€Å"colonised† and the province, their â€Å"ambivalent attitude† really shows that the genuine wellspring of the issues condemned in people and the general public is to be found with the â€Å"coloniser†. At long last, Singh escap es from his â€Å"artificial home† to the â€Å"imperial centre† and cases to have discovered satisfaction there, yet his â€Å"ambivalent attitude† again shows that these are not genuine fulfilments, however just reasons utilized by Singh to discover a â€Å"sense of attachment† in a certain â€Å"location† of the earth. Be that as it may, in any event, during this appearing bargain, Singh offers his significant expression that at last appends him to his own way of life and not to the one of the colonizer. References Bongie, Chris. Islands and Exiles: The Creole Identities of Post/Colonial Literature. California: Stanford University Press, 1998. Harney, Stefano. Patriotism and Identity: Culture and the Imagination in a Caribbean Diaspora. Kingston: University of the West Indies, 1996. Naipaul, V.S. The Mimic Men. London, New York, and so forth.: Penguin Books, 1969. (Firstâ published 1967).

How the Cannon-Bard Theory Explains Emotion

How the Cannon-Bard Theory Explains Emotion Emotions Print Understanding the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 01, 2018 PeopleImages.com / DigitalVision / Getty Images More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, also known as the Thalamic theory of emotion, is a physiological explanation of emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously. How the Cannon-Bard Theory Works More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. For example: I see a snake -- I am afraid, and I begin to tremble. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time. For example, imagine that you are walking to your car through a darkened parking garage. You hear the sounds of footsteps trailing behind you, and spot a shadowy figure slowly following you as you make your way to your car. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, you will experience feelings of fear and physical reaction at the same time. You will begin to feel fearful, and your heart will begin to race. You rush to your car, lock the doors behind you and rush out of the parking garage to head home. The Cannon-Bard theory differs from other theories of emotion such as the James-Lange theory of emotion, which argues that physiological responses occur first and result and are the cause of emotions. How the Cannon-Bard Theory Differs From Other Theories of Emotion The James-Lange theory was the dominant theory of emotion at the time, but Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon and his doctoral student Philip Bard felt that the theory did not accurately reflect how emotional experiences take place. William James’s theory suggested that people first experience a physiological reaction in response to a stimulus in the environment. People then experience some sort of physiological reaction to this stimulus which is then labeled as an emotion. For example, if you encounter a growling dog, you might begin to breathe rapidly and tremble. James-Lange theory would then suggest that you would label those feelings as fear. Cannons work instead suggested that emotions could be experienced even when the body does not reveal a physiological reaction. In other cases, he noted, physiological reactions to different emotions can be extremely similar. People experience sweating, a racing heartbeat and increased respiration in response to fear, excitement, ?and anger. These emotions are very different, but the physiological responses are the same. Cannon and Bard instead suggested that the experience of emotion was not dependent upon interpreting the bodys physiological reactions. Instead, they believed that the emotion and the physical response occur simultaneously and that one was not dependent upon the other. Cannon-Bard theory was formulated as a reaction to the James-Lange theory of emotion. Where James-Lange theory represented a physiological explanation for emotions, the Cannon-Bard theory represents and neurobiological approach. Another more recent theory is the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion (also known as two-factor) theory, which takes a cognitive approach to explain emotion. The Schacter-Singer theory draws on elements of both James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory, proposing that physiological arousal occurs first but that such reactions are often similar for different emotions. The theory suggests that the physiological reactions must be cognitively labeled and interpreted as a particular emotion. The theory emphasizes the role that cognition and elements of the situation play in the experience of emotion.

Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay - 829 Words

Homelessness is a problem virtually every society suffers from. There are many things that cause people to become homeless, such as unemployment, relationship problems, and being evicted from ones domicile either by a landlord, friend or even a family member. However, with every cause there must be an effect. Some of the effects of one becoming homeless, besides the obvious change of lifestyle, are various health problems which often times may lead to death. Many people find themselves in a predicament when they are living with a partner and the two decide to go their separate ways. Some people may not be able afford the cost of living on just their income alone, so when two people terminate a relationship where one depends on the†¦show more content†¦There are many effects that a homeless person may suffer from. Other than the obvious change in the person’s life style, such as the type and quality of clothing they wear or their mode of transportation, homeless people are subject to various health effects as well. In recent studies it has been found that one out of every three homeless people suffers from some sort of mental illness. The mental illness may have been the reason the person became homeless or they may have acquired the illness from living on the streets. When a person loses everything they have worked for it may affect them mentally. Another common effect that homeless people suffer from is Nutritional deficiency, better know as malnutrition. A homeless person’s diet is considerably different than that of someone who is not homeless. Since they cannot afford to eat out or make a home cooked meal, they often have to dig in trash cans to find left over food from restaurants or other people. A lot of the food they eat is spoiled or rotten and is not healthy for them, but rotten food is better than no food. In addition homeless people are also subject to abuse, both physically and sexually. It is estimated that ho meless females are twenty times more likely to be sexually assaulted than a female who is not homeless, and many of these crimes will go unreported as well. Most homeless people do not have family members or someone who will check up on them. So they might be abused or evenShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead MoreCauses and Effects of Homelessness2290 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Causes and Effects of Homelessness Tera Penrod Purpose: To help people understand homelessness. Audience: Readers interested in learning about some causes of homelessness and some effects it has. Homelessness is living without a home, be it on the streets or in shelters. There are many causes for people becoming homeless, and the combination of factors that lead to homelessness are different for every individual. Some of the factors that contribute to homelessness for youth, singleRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay1920 Words   |  8 PagesHomelessness is a major problem facing many cities. Some people are homeless because of unfortunate situations, and others are homeless by choice. Homelessness has been around since 1640. The cost of housing is on the rise and many become homeless because they that are not making enough money to afford the cost of housing. The cost of health care and insurance has risen dramatically over the past years. For families living low or middle incomes that can be devastating. Families or individualsRead MoreMain Causes of Why People Become Homelessness Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness Definition Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who having no home or permanent place, because they cannot afford or unable to maintain a regular and safe shelter. Causes There are three main causes why people are homelessness. The first reason is housing. There is increasing evidence that a growing number of homebody in the private rental market are in housing stress. For example, many people pay more than 35 percent of their income on renting house. In additionRead MoreHomeless Population Of New South Wales1444 Words   |  6 PagesOverview â€Å"In a country as prosperous as Australia, no one should have to be homeless.† - The Road Home, 2008 Homelessness is a complex problem and not simply a lack of housing. It has numerous causes that affect different groups differently. In Australia, there are approximately 105000 people experiencing homelessness reported in the 2011 census. This equates to one in every two hundred people. The homeless population of New South Wales accounts for over one quarter of the total in Australia,Read MoreThe Emotional, Social, And Academic Effects Of Homelessness On Children1291 Words   |  6 Pages01/22/2015 The emotional, social, and academic effects of homelessness on children Hardly a day in life goes by without seeing a homeless child trying to survive, especially in developing countries. Unwanted sightings of homeless children happen every day both in developed and underdeveloped countries. The increase in divorce and trend in cohabitation has led to an increasing number of children being homeless. As stated in the â€Å" Homeless Facts Children and Homelessness - Some Facts conducted by the CommitteeRead MoreHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a problem that happens in many different countries around the world. Definitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. However, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accommodations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to fi nd out exactly theRead MoreWhat Causes Homelessness? The United States Of America884 Words   |  4 PagesWhat causes homelessness? Homelessness is a major problem in the United States of America. Homelessness is a state in which people do not have a place to stay in for a period of time and are always spending their time on the streets. From a teenage eluding a bad environment, to an elderly citizen on a fine tuned income that is not enough to cover a rent or the tax increase, to a child whose parents lost their job out of nowhere and became unemployed are what leads to homelessness (â€Å"Homelessness ResourceRead MoreThe State of Homelessness in the United States Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness became a huge problem in everywhere especially in the USA. Most people heard homeless people, and they saw homeless people in the streets, markets, or bridges. Most people never try to understand why there is much homelessness. Most people do not know any facts about them seem the truth of homelessness, the state of homelessness in the United States, and the effect on people from homelessness. Many causes become the answers to homeless people. The most easy understanding of homelessnessRead MoreHomelessness and Mental Illness1095 Words   |  5 Pagesas well. Homelessness and mental illness are linked. These two happenings have similar beginnings. Homelessness is influenced by drug and alcohol disuse, being homeless at a young age, money problems, and trauma symptoms. Mental illness is caused by many of the same things, but it can also happen at birth. The effects that each entity has on a person are comparable. Rehabilitation is a necessary process if a victim of homelessness and or mental illness wants to rejoin society. Homelessness and mental

The Prison of Life - 1817 Words

Throughout the eons, man, known as the most inquisitive of creatures, had always sought the meaning of life. The answer had varied; to an altruistic person, man was made to serve the common good wheras to a Douglas Adams fan, the answer was merely 42. Philosophers dedicated their lives for the meaning of life and the reason for our existence here on Earth. Unlike other philosophers such as John Locke and Ayn Rand, famed writer Albert Camus believed that life had no meaning. According to Camus, life was, simply stated, absurd. Camus asserted three main tenets of his philosophy, coined Absurdism. Camus believed that this is the only world humans would ever know and this world is indifferent and aloof to our existence. Furthermore, he†¦show more content†¦The Absurdist notion that this world, indifferent and aloof to our existence, is shown when Meursault, an epitomy of apathy, realizes he loves life but hated by others who do not care about his plight or worries. After long days of proceedings, Meursault is condemned to die for killing an Arab. During the return trip to the prison, Meursault sees â€Å"all the familiar sounds of a town [he] loved and of a certain time of day where [he] used to feel happy† (97). He misses that life before prison, when he was free. At this point, so close to death, Meursault regrets that he did not take the time to enjoy life before. He feels that his situation is sad and pointless, as he feels that there might be no hope for his freedom. Meursault also blames himself for not noticing what criminals did to escape the justice system. He blames himself every time â€Å"for not having paid enough attention to accounts of execution. A man should always take an interest in these things† (108). After Meursault receives the verdict of death, he blames himself for not having taken an interest in stories of people who have been condemned to death but who managed the escape that fate. In his past life, Meursault wo uld never have taken an interest in anything, his apathetic character acting as a barrier. However, in his current predicament, the merest evidence of a fugitive from the law would capture his attention explicitly. If so, his â€Å"heart would have takenShow MoreRelatedLife in Prison1834 Words   |  8 Pagesimprisonment. As times past by the prison has taken on various shapes and forms. The quality and most conditions of prisons have changed in order to provide better living conditions for the inmates, but the main purpose of the prison has never changed, the online article Welcome to Stop the Crime states that â€Å" a prison have four major purposes, these include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation† (stoptheaca.org). This shows that the prison is there to ensure that criminals payRead MoreLife And Life Of Prison1259 Words   |  6 Pages Twenty years to life in prison, this is what I woke up to one cold December morning. I had been falsely accuse d of a crime. It all started a couple of weeks ago. I had gone to the local gas station to pick-up some groceries to fix my family a surprise breakfast. I had planned to go home and fix them eggs, bacon, waffles, and grits. It would have been perfect, just to have a family meal. I had arrived at the gas station and proceeded to go into the store to get the groceries that I needed. All ofRead MorePrison Life Essays1953 Words   |  8 PagesPrison Life Most people have no idea what it feels like to be in prison, statistically only one out of every five people will know what its like to be in prison. Approximately 1.4 million people out of the U.S.s 280 million people are in prison. (Thomas, 2) The only reason people know about prisons is because of the media. The news, movies, and books all contribute to peoples stereotypes about prisons. Prisoners receive three meals a day, workout facilities, a library, as well as other thingsRead MoreEssay on Life in Prison1857 Words   |  8 PagesLife in Prison Cody Cotten CJA/383 December 21, 2010 Chet Madison Jr. Life in Prison When an individual is introduced to the prison life, after violating rules and laws, he or she must come to terms about the journey he or she are about to take behind bars in prison. No one can save them, or do their time for them, and a majority of their freedom has been stripped from them either temporarily or permanently. Prison life deals with all walks of life and is not discriminativeRead MoreEssay on Life in Prison1771 Words   |  8 Pagesa room with 84 adults, chances are two of them have been in prison. One out of 42 adults in the United States has been incarcerated. 2.3 million people serving time behind bars outnumber the residents of the fourth largest U.S. city. 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We are Gods offspring. ------------------------------------------------- 2 Timothy 2:13: God formed Adam and Eve ------------------------------------------------- Hebrews 6:18: Tells how God has suffered being tempted that he is able

English Belonging Essay Brides of Christ and Emily Dickinson Free Essays

Both conforming to and challenging the societal structures can have serious psychological consequences. Feelings of affinity often generate a sense of empowerment constituted by shared values and interests. However, where there is a schism between the values of the individual and those Of the group to which they seek to belong, feelings Of isolation, rejection and alienation can ensue. We will write a custom essay sample on English Belonging Essay Brides of Christ and Emily Dickinson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, individuals often respond to group hegemony by oscillating be;men conforming to and challenging the group’s conventions, thus oscillating between a state of unity and isolation. The poems â€Å"This is My Letter to the World† and â€Å"I Had Been Hungry All the Years† by Emily Dickinson illuminate Dickinson desire to at once challenge and enrich the literary world as she oscillates between the desire for unity and autonomy. Similarly, the TV series â€Å"Brides of Christ† by Ken Cameron explores the way in which an individual’s struggle to conform to a community while simultaneously challenging it in order to retain personal autonomy can lead to various consequences that may affect the state of an individual’s belonging. This is my Letter to the World† reflects the apparent sense of isolation and seclusion that Dickinson feels as she abstains from the trick boundaries set by the social and the literary worlds during her era, thus hindering her from attaining a sense of belonging. Dickinson metaphoric â€Å"letter† symbolizes her body of work that is incongruous with the established standards demanded by the Rom antic literary canon, in which the poem’s brevity and ambiguity challenged the traditional poetic and social conventions of her time, leading to her apparent exclusion and rejection. Dickinson sarcastic and sardonic tone as she claims that â€Å"the world never wrote’ to her highlights her desire to communicate with and ultimately enrich the literary oral with her â€Å"letters†, however its differences and incompatibilities with the poetic standards served as a barrier that ultimately prevented her from attaining a sense of belonging within the community she desires to enrich. This is contrasted with Dickinson earnest plea for the reader to â€Å"judge tenderly† of her, which positions the responder to understand the persona’s simple and sincere desire for acceptance both from the responder and the literary canon, which was catalysts as a result of her exclusion and isolation from the social and poetic worlds. Similarly, the text â€Å"Brides Of Christ† conveys he sense of rejection and exclusion the protagonist experiences as she attempts to challenge the hegemonic and oppressive structures and doctrines prevalent within the convent. In this sense, the poem highlights the way in which challenging prevailing standards and structures within a community can act as a barrier to belonging, thus resulting in a state of exclusion and isolation. Similarly, â€Å"Brides of Christ† explores how an individual’s lack of acceptance and understanding of a community’s conventions can act as a barrier to belonging, resulting in feelings of rejection ND alienation. This is illuminated through the continuous conflict between the protagonist’s personality of idealism and questioning of authority against the church’s values of complete obedience and submission, which creates a schism that prevents the persona from attaining a sense of belonging within the institution. Although Diane seeks to ‘defeat her ego and serve God’, her firm belief on her own knowledge and judgment – which forms the cornerstone of her identity – catalysts a desire to challenge and enrich the church’s conventions. This is highlighted as Diane poses a rhetorical question to Sister Agnes and Mother Ambrose, ‘Why can’t we study those instead of all this medieval hocus-pocus trying to conjure God out of an equation? † Here, the responder is positioned to perceive the persona’s desire to enrich the convent by challenging the hegemonic confines that pervade it, which is created as a consequence of its difference to the persona’s ideal community. This is further compounded by the burning of Dean’s spiritual journal, which symbolizes the Church’s rejection of the persona’s thoughts and ideals and ultimately her identity, with its differences to the church’s conventions acting as a barrier to her perpetual belonging to the community. In a similar vein, â€Å"This is My Letter to the World† portrays how Dickinson desire to challenge and enrich the poetic community with her â€Å"letters† served as a barrier that hindered her from attaining belonging within the social and literary worlds. Therefore, it is the conflicting ideals and beliefs between an individual and the group they seek to belong to that may either enrich a community, or act as a barrier to belonging. Moreover, â€Å"I Had Been Hungry All the Years† depicts the complex oscillation between states of seclusion and unity as a consequence of the paradoxical desire for belonging and isolation. This is portrayed through Dickinson ‘hunger’ for human companionship and interaction, due to her established connection with nature leaving her in a state of insufficiency and deprivation. However as she gains acceptance within the social world, the intensity of human relationships prove to be overwhelming, with her inability to cope acting as a barrier from perpetual belonging as well s cataloging a newfound desire for isolation and resignation within the natural world. This is illustrated through the extended metaphor of ‘hunger’, which symbolizes Dickinson intense and fervent desire for inclusion and acceptance, all the while simultaneously appealing to the responder through the common and unifying human sensation of hunger itself. The persona’s hunger comes as a scones ounce of her lacking and insufficient connection with nature, as evident by the scarcity of the ‘crumb’ which evokes a sense of absence and deprivation. However, as the persona’s ‘noon’ or opportunity arises to ‘draw the table near and ‘touch the curious wine’, she finds its intensity to be overpowering causing her to ‘tremble’ and ‘feel ill and odd’. Here, the composer positions the responder to perceive the persona’s sense of alienation and displacement as she is given a chance at satiating this ‘hunger’, however the persona’s inability to forge human relationships results in her withdrawal from society once more and her desire to be isolated within her sanctuary that is ‘Nature’s dining room’ is renewed and reinforced. While the protagonist from â€Å"Brides of Christy’ oscillates between the states of seclusion and unity through her relationships with the sisters within the convent, it is Dickinson paradoxical desire for belonging and isolation that results in the transitory nature of belonging that she experiences. Similarly, â€Å"Brides of Christ’ illustrates the transitory and fleeting nature of belonging as it embodies the consequences of attempting to belong to a collective community while simultaneously seeking individual identity. This is portrayed wrought the protagonist’s relationship with the sisters within the convent, in which her nurturing friendship with Veronica and other novices within the convent is contrasted with her conflicting and fragmented relationship with the bearers of power within the church. On one hand, the protagonist Diane is able to achieve a sense of connection and unity with the other novices as a result of their shared beliefs and values of devotion to God, resulting in a great sense of fulfillment and empowerment. On the other hand however, the repressive power structures of the Convent in conjunction with Dean’s recaptured and complicated relationship with Sister Agnes creates a sense of restriction and oppression within the persona, oftentimes acting as a barrier to truly achieving belonging within the church. How to cite English Belonging Essay Brides of Christ and Emily Dickinson, Essays

Dowry System free essay sample

Today, Indian society is surrounded with many problems such as unemployment, illiteracy, population growth, terrorism, etc. Among these problems, a problem which is deep rooted in Indian society is the problem of dowry system. It has become the every day news item, no day passes away when we dont hear news relating to dowry death or dowry harassment. The irony lies in the fact that women in India are worshipped in the form of shakti, she is burned and harassed by her in-laws every day in one part of the nation or the other. Dowry, in ordinary sense, refers to money, gifts, goods or estate that wife brings to her husband in marriage The dowry has a long history in Europe, South Asia, Africa and other parts of the world. The system of dowry is deep rooted in the Indian society since the early days of the history. This system prevailed in ancient Indian society, in ancient period dowry was the part of the ritual of kanyadan which was very different from modern- dowry. We will write a custom essay sample on Dowry System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Among the eight types of marriages recognized by smritis, it was only in the Brahma marriage that father gave away his daughter, with such gifts and presents as he could afford, to a man of superior character . In the medieval period, the dowry, which was earlier regarded as dakshina (gift offered willingly), became an evil, father in order to marry her daughter had to offer money demanded by grooms family. In medieval times, the dowry system had engulfed the society at alarming rate, though it was practiced in the aristocratic and royal families. The extra ordinary pride which rich people took

Cellular Rspiration Essay Example

Cellular Rspiration Essay LABORATORY REPORT FOR BIO411 Experiment 5 : Cellular Respiration Experiment 6 : Photosynthesis Title: Cellular Respiration Objective: To observe and determine cellular respiration in yeast/onion cells. * Measure respiration rate using different substrates. * Measure respiration rate at different temperature. Introduction: In this laboratory experiment, we are given 3 task. The first one is respiration in yeast. Second is respiratory indicator and the third one is observing mitochondria in yeast/onion cell. The first experiment is about investigation of sugars yeast. We will determine which sugars yeast can be use for cell respiration. When the yeast undergoes anaerobic/aerobic respiration, they will give out carbon dioxide. After that it will reacts with water to forms a weak carbonic acid solution. We will use BTB to monitor this reaction. Further explanation will be discussed at the discussion. The second experiment is respiratory indicator. Same concept with the first experiment. We will measure the respiration rate using different substrates based on the table provided. The third experiment is observing mitochondria in yeast/onion cells. We will be using the staining technique in order to obtain the result of the experiment. * Task 1: Respiration in Yeast Materials: Beakers * Pipettes * Cuvettes * 20% Glucose * 20% Lactose * 20% Sucrose * 20% Maltose * Distilled water * Brom Thymol Blue (BTB) * Spectrophotometer * Measuring cylinders. Procedures: 1. The spectrometer is set to 565nm. Distilled water is used to set the reading to the pure level. 2. 8mL of 20% glucose is placed in the beaker using a measuring cyl inder. 3. 1ml of Brom Thymol Blue (BTB) is added into a respective tubes using a pipette. 4. 4ml from the mixture of Glucose and BTB taken and placed in test tube then added with 0. 1ml of yeast extract. 5. The mixture then transferred into cuvette and placed into spectrophotometer. 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Cellular Rspiration specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cellular Rspiration specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cellular Rspiration specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The absorbance measured for 5 minutes. The reading taken within 30 seconds. 7. Steps 1-6 is repeated using 20% Lactose, 20% Sucrose, and 20% Maltose. 8. Reading obtained is recorded and compared with the others. Results: Time (s)| 20% Glucose| 20% Sucrose| 20% Maltose| 20% Lactose| 30| 1. 053| 1. 162| 1. 323| 1. 130| 60| 1. 051| 1. 161| 1. 310| 1. 123| 90| 1. 049| 1. 159| 1. 304| 1. 119| 120| 1. 048| 1. 159| 1. 297| 1. 116| 150| 1. 045| 1. 158| 1. 295| 1. 114| 180| 1. 044| 1. 155| 1. 292| 1. 111| 210| 1. 041| 1. 155| 1. 289| 1. 109| 240| 1. 040| 1. 154| 1. 287| 1. 107| 270| 1. 037| 1. 154| 1. 287| 1. 105| 300| 1. 035| 1. 154| 1. 284| 1. 103| Task 2: Respiratory Indicator Materials: * Test tubes * Yeast extract * 20% Glucose * Water bath * Parafilm * Distilled water * Tap water * Methylene blue Procedures: 1. 4 test tubes is obtained. 2. Each tube filled as table shown below, Tube 1 (room temperature)| Tube 2 (100? c)| Tube 3| Tube 4| 5ml yeast+1ml glucose+2ml methylene blue+2ml disti lled water| 5ml yeast+1ml glucose+2ml methylene blue+2ml distilled water| 5ml water+1ml glucose+2ml methylene blue+2ml distilled water| 5ml yeast+1ml water+1ml methylene blue +2ml distilled water| 3. For tube 2, yeast is added and glucose is immersed the tube in water bath(100%) for 5 minutes. The, methylene blue is added. 4. Parafilm is used to cover all the tubes. 5. Initial time and color is recorded. 6. Time taken for the decolorisation to occur is recorded. Result: | Tube 1| Tube 2| Tube 3| Tube 4| Observation| Dark blue(no change)| Dark blue(no change)| Dark blue(no change)| Dark blue(no change)| * Task 3: Observing Mitochondrian of Onion Cells Materials: * Glass slides * Sucrose solution * Methylene blue * Toothpick * Onion cell * Cover slip * Microscope Procedures: 1. Clean slide is obtained and a drop of sucrose solution is placed on the center. Two drops of methylene blue added and mixed well by using toothpick. 2. Yeast is placed on the mixture of sucrose and methylene blue and cobered by the cover slip. 3. The slide immediately viewed under microscope. Results: 35 minutes is taken for yeast cells to decolorized, where blue stain turns clear. Disccusion: In our experiment, in order to achieved our objective which are to observe and determine cellular repiration in yeast/onion cells, we have to measured respiration rate using different substrates and we also have to measure respiration rates at different temperatures in Task 1, Task 2, Task 3. In Task 1: Respiration in yeast, the result we obtained shows that the 20% Glucose give the lowest value of absorbance compared to the others and 20% Maltose gave the highest value of absorbance. The order of absorbance is 20% Glucose20% Lactose20% Sucrose20% Maltose This shown that Maltose has the highest rate of sugar which has the effective for yeast respiration. The wavelength used is same, but the reading was taken in every 30 seconds in 5 minutes period of time. As known, cell released energy from the food molecules by process of respiration. Cell also can dissolve in water to form a weak acid. As result, pH indicator such as BTB can be used to indicate the presence of carbon dioxide. â€Å"At low temperatures (0-10 C) yeast will not grow, but not die either. At temperatures 10-37 C yeast will grow and multiply, faster at higher temperatures with an optimal growth at 30 or 37 C (that depends on the species). At higher temperature the cells become stressed, meaning that their content becomes damaged and which can be repaired to some degree. At high temperatures (50 C) the cells die. The bacteria can survive freezing under certain conditions. When baking bread all yeast dies during the process. † -Dr. Trudy Wassenaar In Task 2: Respiration indicator, the result we obtain is no change at all the tubes prepared according to the table provided. Tube 1 supposed to have change in their colour because it was occur in room temperature, consist of yeast, have glucose and distilled water. No change for Tube 2, 3 and 4. Tube 2, it was occurred in 100 Celsius. Thus, no change occurred. For Tube 3, there are no change in colour because it does not consist of yeast, and for Tube 4, no change also because absent of glucose. For tube 2, no change occur because yeast can survive only in certain condition, as the researcher explained below:- In Task 3: Observing mitochondria in yeast/onion cells, we used yeast as our specimen. It actually takes 20-35 minutes to decolorize the blue stain. Unfortunately, we does not managed to observe the bluish oblong bodies in cytoplasm of cells. This maybe because the magnification we used is still cannot managed to give a clear image of the mitochondria. Conclusion: The objective is successfully achieved which is to observe and determine cellular respiration in yeast using different substrates and temperatures. Reference: 1) http://www. newton. dep. anl. gov/askasci/bio99/bio99693. htm * LAB 6 Title: Photosynthesis Introduction: In this experiments, we will mostly will discuss about process of photosynthesis which is process where the plants will convert carbon dioxide into organic compound. We have given 3 task in this experiments. There are:- Task 1, we have to extract chlorophyll pigments using paper chromatography, the separation technique. When the absorbent paper has its end puts into a solvent, the solvent will creep up the paper and soak it. Solute in solvents also tend to be carried upwards with the solvent. Various types of chlorophylls and carotenoids of plant photosystems are all membrane bound and only soluble in rather non polar solvents. These pigments have been removed from the spinach by extraction into acetone. The pigments will be separated by chromatography by using a solvent. Task 2, we have to measure wavelength of light absorbed by plant chlorophyll. Spectrometre is used to determine the absorbtion spectrum for the available chlorophyll extract of spinach pigments. Absorbance from the wavelengths of 400nm to 720nm every 10nm. Methanol used as a blank. Task 3, we have to quantifying the amount of oxygen being released from the photosynthesizing solution or the more accurate is we have to determine the rate of photosynthesis. Task 1: Photosynthesis Pigments Objectives: To extract chlorophyll pigments using paper chromatography. Materials: * Fresh spinach * Methanol * Chromatography paper * Conical flash * Rubber bugs * Haematocrit needles * Pencil * Ruler * Spectrophotometer Procedures: 1. A strip of absorbent paper positioned that it suspended about 5mm from the bottom of the available flask. 2. The paper is r emoved and acetone is poured into the bottom of the flask so it will be touching the bottom of the paper. 3. A strip of absorbent paper is streaked with the spinach extract using the haematocrit. 4. Dry it in a moments. A second streak is pplied over the first one. It repeated for minimum 15 times. Then dry it. 5. The paper is hooked on the stopper. The paper inserted into the flask so that its bottom just immersed into the solvent. 6. Let it until the solvent reached pin. 7. The diagram of the pigmentation on chromatography paper, labelled. Result: Rf = x / y Where, x is 9. 9 cm and y is 15. 2 cm. Thus, 9. 9 / 15. 2 = 0. 611 cm ( Not accurate- Experiment failed) * Task 2: Absorption Spectrum Objective: To measure the wavelength of light absorbed by plant chlorophyll. Materials: * Beaker Acetone Procedures: A spectrophotometer used to determine the absorption spectrum for the available chlorophyll extract of spinach pigment. The absorbance measured from wavelengths of 400nm to 720nm in every 10nm. Methanol used as a blank. Result: Wavelength (? )| Absorbance| Wavelength( ? )| Absorbance| 400| 0. 251| 570| 0. 224| 410| 0. 262| 580| 0. 221| 420| 0. 255| 590| 0. 226| 430| 0. 260| 6 00| 0. 235| 440| 0. 271| 610| 0220| 450| 0. 260| 620| 0. 223| 460| 0. 259| 630| 0. 221| 470| 0. 259| 640| 0. 220| 480| 0. 251| 650| 0. 216| 490| 0. 251| 660| 0. 214| 500| 0. 248| 670| 0. 213| 510| 0. 27| 680| 0. 250| 520| 0. 229| 690| 0. 220| 530| 0. 242| 700| 0. 266| 540| 0274| 710| 0. 237| 550| 0. 233| 720| 0. 198| 560| 0. 230| | | Table 1. 1| * Task 3: Measuring Rate of Photosynthesis Objective: To determine the rate of photosynthesis. Materials: * Elodea plant * 10mL measuring cylinder * Test tubes * Beaker * 0. 5 sodium hydrogen bicarbonate buffer Procedures: 1. Fresh sprigs of Elodea plant is inserted into wide test tube. The tube fully filled with buffer solution. The pH of buffer taken. 2. The tube was inverted into beaker which is half filled with the same buffer solution. 3. There is must be no air space inside the tube. 4. The beaker placed under a table lamp for one hour. 5. The tube gently tabbed, to trapped air bubbles released from the leaves. 6. The bubbles released counted. 7. The pH obtained recorded. Results: Reading| Initial| Final| pH| 8. 02| 9. 31| Volume| 25 ml| 24 ml| Total bubble formed= 4 Discussion: In our experiment, we have to discuss about the photosynthesis. What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is essential process for any living plants to survive. Raw materials which are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and glucose as the products of the reaction. Water molecules will be broken down and oxygen will be released. Glucose molecule contains the energy from the sunlight converted to a new form, chemical energy. The overall chemical equation for these reactions is shown below: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 The energy that plants trap is essential, both for their own growth and for other organisms that rely on plants for food. Pigments that involved in this process is chlorophyll. So as in Task 1, we had extracted the chlorophyll pigment in spinach using the paper chromatography. Paper chromatography is a useful technique for separating and identifying pigment and other molecules from cell extracts that contain a complex mixture of molecules). We may have the result stated as below but to be truth is our experiment does not have an accurate result because of the spinach with the acetone is too dilute and it is difficult to obtain an accurate result. It was suppose to separate the pigments in paper chromatography but, we only can observe a single solute carried upwards. In Task 2, which is we measure the wavelength of light absorbed by plant chlorophyll starting from 400nm till 720nm. Reading is taken every 10nm. Based on the Table 1. 1, we can see the absorbance of chlorophyll are in a range of 0. 198 and 0. 274. There are not much different of absorbance in wavelength of 400nm until 720nm, but it the absorbance seems like decreasing where 0. 251 at 400nm, and 0. 198 at 720nm. In Task 3, we have to determine the rate of photosynthesis. In this experiments, we used Elodea plant. (Elodea is an autotroph that will photosynthesize under the appropriate conditions. )The initial pH value of buffer is 8. 02, and the initial volume is 25 ml. After 1 hour, the pH value increased to 9. 31, but decrease of volume to 24 ml. The pH increased because of higher amount of carbon entered the intermediate pathways. Total bubble produced was 4. The bubble produced means the total oxygen produce by the plant in photosynthesis process. Conclusion: We have achieved the all the objective of experiments which is to study Photosynthesis in 2 Task, whereby we need to extract chlorophyll pigments using paper chromatography, measure the wavelength of light absorbed by plant chlorophyll and to measure rate of photosynthesis. Reference: 1) http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments. html 2) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Photosynthetic_pigment

Geography Ivory Coast Essay Example

Geography Ivory Coast Essay Example Geography Ivory Coast Essay Geography Ivory Coast Essay The Ivory Coast (Cote dIvoire) has a long and intense history of facing hardships. Though the citizens gained independence from the French in 1960 after being colonized for roughly 67 years, they still face a countless number of economic, social and political issues. The people of the Ivory Coast must come together with the government in order to resolve the issues and better their countrys future. Like in most developing countries, a prominent political issue that the Ivory Coast faces is corruption in the government. The leaders of the Ivory Coast are every thing but eaders. They are incompetent, not trustworthy, and genuinely do not care to govern the country in the interest of the common good of the citizens. (http:// mw. . africaw. com/) In 2011 the World Bank conducted a study with the intention of ranking the most corrupt countries in order, it was found that in Africa the Ivory Coast was ranked number 38 out of 49 African countries. In 2010, transparency International ranked it 130th out of 176 countries in 2011 in its Corruption Perceptions Index. The government has a tendency to misuse grants that are given to hem in order to better their country which contributes to the corruption that their country faces today. The Ivorians have experienced a great deal of suffering due to corruption including destroyed regions and deaths in their families. (economist. com) The media in the Ivory Coast is beginning to create advertisements in order to make everyone aware of corruption and how it is negatively affecting the citizens of Cote dIvoire. : In addition to this an American government agency committee entitled Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) that aids poor countries recover from overty, this committee will attempt to aid the Ivory Coast once they meet certain benchmark requirements, with one dominant requirement being to invest in the people and decrease corruption. ( economist. com/) Cote dIvoire is blessed with an abundant amount of natural resources which helps stimulate their economy, but with such a low literacy rate in their country, it is nearly impossible for everyone to prosper and benefit from these resources. The education of a nation drastically affects their progress economically, because ignorance leads to bad ecisions. By having a literacy rate of 48. 7% in males and about 38. 6% in females (africaw. com), the Ivory Coast will remain in a state of an unstable economy unless their education improves. Their low literacy rate means that they do not have a sufficient amount of people who are able to aid in creating ways to make use of their natural resources that would improve their economy with stability. Low education also hurts the Ivorians economically because most women do not use contraceptives during intercourse, which leads to many pregnancies occurring in women that are ot prepared to have children. With unprepared births comes poverty because women that are uneducated are more likely to be poor and have the responsibility of not only taking care of themselves, but their children as well. According to africaw. com The Ivory Coast is one of the poorest countries in the world with about 50% of the country living below the poverty line. Their literacy rates are worse than that of most African countries, which is why their rate of teenage pregnancy and HIW AIDS is significantly high (because they are ignorant to the negative consequences of ases in the Ivory Coast has led to many deaths among their citizens. This disease spreads to citizens in various ways: mother-to-child, unprotected sexual intercourse, and quickly occurs in key populations of individuals including men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers and people who inject drugs. (aidsalliance. org) The Ivorians dying in large amounts from HIVI AIDS serves as a major issue because it creates an imbalance in the population pyramid. It is bottom heavy meaning there is a significant amount of young people compared to the amount of old people. This ffects the country negatively because having too many young children and not enough adults has a negative correlation with progress in the work force. coopami. rg/en/countries/countries_partners/cote_ivoire/ country _description/index. htm The rapid spread of AIDS in the Ivory Coast haphazardly occurred because there were initially two AID cases reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1985 ( ncbi. nlm. nih. gov) and reached its highest point in November of 1996 when the WHO reported 31,963 case which put Cote dIvoire in the top ten as the seventh country with the highest number of eported cases of this horrific disease. (unesco. rg) Studies have shown that the adult population of citizens between ages 20 to 29 years old are the most affected by HIVI AIDS, and although it is difficult now to forecast the dynamics of the epidemic in C? ¶te dIvoire because of the multitude and complexity of factors to be taken into account (Garenne, 1996), the increase in HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Abidjan over the years is particularly worrying. These numbers are appalling in the way that they relate to the citizens in the Ivory Coast, because when affected mothers ave children, the chil dren will then be born with HIV and continue the spread of this deleterious disease. The spread of HIVI AIDS essentially serves as a gender issue primarily because the disease is more prominent in women than men. According to unaids. org the chances of women being HIV positive is eight times greater than men. This wide gender gap is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa because of gender-based violence. Women are not economically independent from older men, therefore they must rely on them for survival which unfortunately increases their chances of getting HIV/AIDS because of their participation of sexual intercourse with these men. Older men tend to have had multiple sex partners and as a result they tend to spread HIW AIDS to women. Women are also at greater risk to having this disease because they have a greater biological susceptibility, meaning that the greater exposed surface area in the female genital tract compared to the male genital tract, higher concentrations of HIV in seminal fluids than in vaginal fluids, the larger amount of semen than vaginal fluids exchanged during intercourse, and greater potential for njury to the cell wall during intercourse for women compared to men (Moss et al. 991; Pettifor et al. 2004). (Hertog) The physical aspects and fluids of a womans vagina causes her to have a greater chance of receiving the disease through intercourse than a man would therefore women are more likely to suffer from this disease. With education, the spread of HIV/AIDS would decrease dramatically. However in the Ivory Coast most students specifically females dropout at a young age because of pregnanc y. Because the majority of citizens lack an education, in the

Salt Marshes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Salt Marshes - Term Paper Example In the global view, salt marshes are common in all latitudes, and when they have grown for many decades, the mangrove forests replace the marshes. The mangrove takes over from the marshes because they thrive well in the salty aquatic environment (Biodiversity and Garden 351). For a marsh to form, it goes through a series of biological processes. It takes time for the angiosperms to accumulate so as to form the marshes. There are types of marshes that can cover the terrestrial habitats while others can extend and expand through trapping more sediments and colonization of the sediments (Pennings and Bertness 289). However, both habitats of salt marshes can be occupied by other organisms like birds, insects, mammals and marine living organisms. There are living organisms that survive well in salty environments while others thrive well in non-salty conditions, the freshwater aquatic animals (Charton and Facts on File 276). Salt marshes are an interesting part of the ecosystem because it involves the interaction of the physical and biological factors and how they form a natural environment that can be inhabited by other living organisms. The article on Coastal Eutrophication as a Driver of Salt Marsh loss says that the salt marshes are important in the ecosystem because they help to protect the coastal cities from storms and strong waves (Deegan, et al. 1). In the recent years, the salt marshes have been seen to be decreasing in sizes and some areas along the coastal line have no marshes.

Culture and American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture and American Foreign Policy - Essay Example America is a migrant society where every citizen has the right to do anything they want, provided they do not infringe on the rights of others. Â  For instance, America is one of the few societies where citizens are constitutionally allowed to own guns for personal and property protection. Â   It is this same projection and protection of freedom that manifests in American foreign policy. A good example of this is the Middle East where the U.S is involved in multiple wars. While there are other factors contributing to these conflicts, the primary reason is the liberation of Middle Eastern people from tyrannical governments, in line with the American culture of liberty for all. Â  Another example is in the Far East. As part of American foreign policy, the United States maintains permanent military basis in both Japan and South Korea. It does this as a protection to both countries from North Korea and China. What is the common difference between China/North Korea and Korea/Japan? The answer is a culture of liberty. China and North Korea are against a culture of personal liberties and hence, are a threat to South Korea and Japan. Â   These scenarios replicate across the world where the United States has a strong show of might in enforcing its foreign policy. On this basis, it is safe to argue that, cultural factors help explain America’s interaction with the outside world. Â  To test this assertion empirically, one can use quantitative techniques to analyze secondary data on U.S foreign interventions.

Unilateral Peters Anomaly in a Nigerian Child

Unilateral Peters Anomaly in a Nigerian Child Case report Abstract 10-week-old female infant presented in our clinic in March, 2013 with history of small right globe since birth. There is associated history of whitish speck in the affected eye. The child is a product of term pregnancy which was uneventful. Mother denied any history of febrile illness during pregnancy. Nil history of maternal rashes, nil hearing or visual challenges, nil use of any drug apart from routine ante-natal haematinics. No history of use of traditional medicine in the course of her pregnancy. The patient is the second child of her parents. There is no similar occurrence in the other sibling or in any other member of the monogamous family. Ocular examination revealed right microphthalmos, microcornea and cornea opacity with pannus. The whole extent of the cornea was affected. An assessment of right Peters anomaly was made. The ocular ultrasound done revealed that the right globe measured 16.1mm in its AP diameter and the left globe measured 16.9 mm. There was cataract in the right eye and the anterior chamber was absent with adherence of the iris to the cornea. Patient was to be placed on cosmetic contact lens in future when she would be old enough t o manage it. Key words : Cornea opacity, microphthalmos, unilateral, Nigerian, child INTRODUCTION Peters anomaly is a form of congenital corneal opacity. It is associated with malformation of the anterior segment of the eye. 1 The aetiology of the condition is not clear. The most likely causes include genetic, infectious, traumatic and toxic factors. 1 Peters anomaly is a rare form of anterior segment dysgenesis in which abnormal cleavage of the anterior chamber occurs. The condition may involve the central or entire cornea. The leucoma is associated with irido- corneal adherences at the area of the leucoma. In the inherited form, mutations involve the PAX6 gene.2 Peters’ anomaly was described by Peters about one hundred years ago. 3It is a rare condition world wide, however the incidence rate is unknown. The condition does not have racial or sexual predilection. A study done by Bhandari et al. Showed equal distribution in both sexes. 4 There are two types of Peters anomaly based on the state of the lens namely type 1 and type 2. In type 1, the lens may or may not be cataractous but the lens does not adhere to the cornea. In type 2, the lens is cataractous and adheres to the cornea. 5 Type 1 is usually unilateral while type 2 is bilateral in 60% of cases. The cornea is usually clear at the periphery and vascularisation is not common however there may be sclerization of the limbus. Case History A 10-week-old female infant presented in our clinic in March,2013 with history of small right globe since birth. The mother noticed patient to have small right globe since few hours after birth. There is associated history of whitish speck in the affected eye. The child is a product of term pregnancy, which was uneventful. Mother denied any history of febrile illness during pregnancy. Nil history of maternal rashes, nil hearing or visual challenges, nil use of any drugs apart from routine ante-natal haematinics, nil ingestion of native concoction during pregnancy. She received routine antenatal Tetanous Toxoid vaccination. She neither smoked cigarette nor drank alcohol. She did not chew kola either. Child was delivered by spontaneous vagina delivery, vertex presentation. She cried spontaneously immediately after birth and the umbilical cord was cut using sterile cord scissors. She had received immunization according to National Programme on Immunization schedule. She had also been ac hieving all the normal developmental milestones. There is no history of any febrile illness since birth. She is the second child of her parents. There is no similar occurrence in the other sibling or in the family. Ocular examination revealed right microphthalmos, microcornea and cornea opacity with pannus. General and systemic examination did not reveal any other abnormality. An assessment of right Peter’s anomaly was made. The nature of this condition was explained to patient’s parents with counselling on how to raise the patient. Consent was obtained from the mother and clinical photograph of the condition was taken. The ocular ultrasonography done revealed that the right globe measured 16.1mm in its AP diameter and the left globe measured 16.9 mm. There was cataract in the right eye and the anterior chamber was absent. The left eye was sonographically normal. It is our belief that patient may benefit from the use of cosmetic contact lens in future. Discussion The early presentation of the patient is quite commendable. This may be related to the rarity of the ocular condition and the fact that the parents were enlightened. Most cases of Peters anomaly are sporadic however the inherited ones could be of autosomal recessive and dominant modes of inheritance. It is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 4. 6 We could not establish family history of similar presentation in the family of this patient. The other child of the parents was also said to be normal and in stable condition. Based on this fact, it is our considered opinion that the case may actually be a sporadic one. Peters anomaly is often an isolated ocular defect but there may be associated ocular and systemic anomalies. However further examination of the patient did not reveal any other systemic abnormality. This may be related to the fact that the condition was unilateral as bilateral Peters anomaly is more often associated with systemic anomalies. The globe was observed to be small and this was confirmed with the aid of ultrasonography. The associated anterior segment anomalies with Peters anomaly include glaucoma, anterior polar catarac t, cornea plana, sclerocornea, microphthalmos, colobomata as well as mesodermal dysgenesis of the anterior chamber angle and iris. 7 Peters anomaly may be associated with systemic anomalies like limb deformities, craniofacial anomalies, cleft lip and palate as well as genitourinary defects. 8-10 Treatment of Peters anomaly is challenging and unsatisfactory. The outcome of corneal transplantation is not rewarding due to post operative complications like graft failure, cataract, retinal detachment and glaucoma.11 Alternative treatment measures include rotation of corneal autograft, atropinisation of the pupil most especially if the visual axis is spared and optical iridectomy. The involvement of the whole extent of the cornea and the microphthalmic globe are associated with poor prognosis for visual recovery. Affectation of only one eye is also risk factor for amblyopia. The patient was not suitable for corneal grafting in view of the vascularisation of the cornea. Optical iridectomy or atropinisation was also not considered as the whole extent of the cornea was affected. In view of the poor prognosis coupled with the cosmetic challenge, the patient was to be placed on cosmetic contact lens when she is old enough to manage contact lens. Conclusion We conclude that prompt presentation and treatment of patients with Peters anomaly is desirable. There is need to create more awareness about the condition among health care providers and the populace in view of the fact that it is rare. Multidisciplinary approach should be adopted in the management of affected patients most especially those with associated systemic anomalies. Figure 1 : Child with right eye Peters anomaly

Insurance and Jessie Robinson

Questions 1. Think of a real or made up but realistic example of a pure risk that you or someone you know may face, and then answer the questions below. a. Describe the specific risk. (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) b. What sort of negative outcomes are possible for this type of risk? (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) c. Would this risk be likely to create unexpected expenses? Why or why not? (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) d. Describe at least one way you could protect yourself against this risk. (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) 2.Think of a real or made up but realistic example of a speculative risk that you or someone you know may face, and then answer the questions below. a. Describe the specific risk. (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) b. What sort of negative outcomes are possible for this type of risk? (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) c. What sorts of positive outcomes are possible for this type of risk? (1-3 sentences. 0. 5 points) d. Would this risk be likely to create unexpected expenses? Why or wh y not? (1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) e. Describe at least one way you could protect yourself against this risk. 1-3 sentences. 1. 0 points) 3. Imagine that you are a parent with young children. You want to get life insurance to protect your children financially until they are old enough to produce their own incomes. Would term life insurance or permanent life insurance be a better choice in this situation? Why? (2-4 sentences. 1. 0 points) 4. Describe two types of insurance that you have or are likely to have at some point in your life. What risks are these insurance plans protecting you against? Why do you think these types of insurance are important? 4-8 sentences. 3. 0 points) 5. List four valuable items that might be kept in an apartment or house. Next to each item, write the estimated dollar amount that each item might be worth. (Complete sentences are not necessary. 1. 0 points) 6. In your Section_6 folder, navigate to and open the Example_Insurance_Application, and then comple te the steps below to save a copy of the file with your initials in your Section_6 folder. a. Click the File menu, and then Click Save a Copy. b. If a Save a Copy dialog box appears, click Save a Copy. c.Make sure the Save in drop-down list is set to your Section_6 folder. If not, click the drop-down list, then click Local Disk (C:), then double-click your course folder, and then double-click the Section_6 folder. d. In the Name: field, type Example_Insurance_Application followed by your initials. e. Click Save. 7. Follow the instructions below to fill out the Example_Insurance_Application for Jessie Robinson. This is an application for renter's insurance. (4. 0 points for completing the form correctly according to the instructions below) a.Fill out the Applicant Information section of the form using the name Jessie Robinson, the date of birth 7/15/88, the SSN 888-88-8888, and the email address [email  protected] com. Jessie Robinson is not retired. b. Jessie Robinson is renting a n apartment on  785 Maple Avenue  in  Seattle,  WA. The zip code of the address is 00448. c. Imagine what Jessie Robinson's answers to the yes and no questions under Coverage Information might be. TIP: There are no right or wrong answers, but make sure to answer each question. d. Choose a date for Jessie Robinson's coverage to begin and the number of years Jessie has had insurance coverage.TIP: There are no right or wrong answers, but be sure to answer each question. e. List Jessie Robinson's reason for applying for new insurance as Moving to a new address. f. List the estimated cost of the four household items you determined in question 5 above as the answer to â€Å"How much personal property coverage do you need? † g. Imagine whether Jessie Robinson has animals, and then list what kind. TIP: Consider your answer to the  question â€Å"Do you have an animal that is vicious or attack trained, or that has previously bitten or injured anyone? † before you answ er this question. h. Click the File menu, and then click Save. . In your Section_6 folder, navigate to and open the Example_Insurance_Claim, and then complete the steps below to save a copy of the file with your initials in your Section_6 folder. a. Click the File menu, and then Click Save a Copy. b. If a Save a Copy dialog box appears, click Save a Copy. c. Make sure the Save in drop-down list is set to your Section_6 folder. If not, click the drop-down list, then click Local Disk (C:), then double-click your course folder, and then double-click the Section_6 folder. d. In the Name: field, type Example_Insurance_Claim followed by your initials. . Click Save. 9. Follow the instructions below to fill out the Example_Insurance_Claim for Jessie Robinson. This is a renter's insurance claim form. (4. 0 points for completing the form correctly according to the instructions below) a. Use the information from the Insurance_Application form you filled out in question 7 above to fill out the Insurance Policyholder Information section of the Insurance_Claim form. TIP: Jessie Robinson's phone number is 206-999-0000. b. Fill out the rest of the form with a realistic loss Jessie might have suffered, such as a fire, flood, or robbery.Imagine how severe the damage was and what, if any, evidence Jessie has of the loss. Describe what happened and list at least two damages or injuries the loss caused. Estimate the total cost of the loss. 10. Describe at least two ways you or someone you know might be at risk for identity theft. (1-2 sentences. 2. 0 points) 11. Describe at least three things you can do to protect yourself from identity theft. (1-3 sentences. 2. 0 points) 12. Describe at least three steps you should take after finding out that your credit card was stolen. (1-3 sentences. 2. points) Answers 1. A. ) The example of pure risk would be when your house burns down. B. ) A few of the negative outcomes for this type of risk is because there is only a chance of either loss or no loss, but no chance of gain. C. ) This risk would cause unexpected expenses because you do not predict if your house were to burn down so it would cause you to have to purchase a new one. D. ) One way to protect yourself from this risk is to have a home insurance plan that include insurance for when you house burns down. 2. ) the example of speculative risk is

Direct and Indirect Taxes in India

A Direct tax is a kind of charge, which is imposed directly on the taxpayer and paid directly to the government by the persons (juristic or natural) on whom it is imposed. A direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else. The some important direct taxes imposed in India are as under: Income Tax: Income Tax Act, 1961 imposes tax on the income of the individuals or Hindu undivided families or firms or co-operative societies (other tan companies) and trusts (identified as bodies of individuals associations of persons) or every artificial juridical person. The inclusion of a particular income in the total incomes of a person for income-tax in India is based on his residential status. There are three residential status, viz. , (i) Resident & Ordinarily Residents (Residents) (ii) Resident but not Ordinarily Residents and (iii) Non 72 Residents. There are several steps involved in determining the residential status of a person. All residents are taxable for all their income, including income outside India. Non residents are taxable only for the income received in India or Income accrued in India. Not ordinarily residents are taxable in relation to income received in India or income accrued in India and income from business or profession controlled from India. Corporation Tax: The companies and business organizations in India are taxed on the income from their worldwide transactions under the provision of Income Tax Act, 1961. A corporation is deemed to be resident in India if it is incorporated in India or if it’s control and management is situated entirely in India. In case of non resident corporations, tax is levied on the income which is earned from their business transactions in India or any other Indian sources depending on bilateral agreement of that country. Property Tax: Property tax or ‘house tax' is a local tax on buildings, along with appurtenant land, and imposed on owners. The tax power is vested in the states and it is delegated by law to the local bodies, specifying the valuation method, rate band, and collection procedures. The tax base is the annual ratable value (ARV) or area-based rating. Owner-occupied and other properties not producing rent are assessed on cost and then converted into ARV by applying a percentage of cost, usually six percent. Vacant land is generally exempted from the assessment. The properties lying under control of Central are exempted from the taxation. Instead a ‘service charge' is permissible under executive order. Properties of foreign missions also enjoy tax exemption without an insistence for reciprocity. Inheritance (Estate) Tax: An inheritance tax (also known as an estate tax or death duty) is a tax which arises on the death of an individual. It is a tax on the estate, or total value of the money and property, of a person who has died. India enforced estate duty from 1953 to 1985. Estate Duty Act, 1953 came into existence w. e. f. 15th October, 1953. Estate Duty on agricultural land was discontinued under the Estate Duty (Amendment) Act, 1984. The levy of Estate Duty in respect of property (other than agricultural land) passing on death occurring on or after 16th March, 1985, has also been abolished under the Estate Duty (Amendment) Act, 1985. Gift Tax: Gift tax in India is regulated by the Gift Tax Act which was constituted on 1st April, 1958. It came into effect in all parts of the country except Jammu and Kashmir. As per the Gift Act 1958, all gifts in excess of Rs. 25,000, in the form of cash, draft, check or others, received from one who doesn't have blood relations with the recipient, were taxable. However, with effect from 1st October, 1998, gift tax got demolished and all the gifts made on or after the date were free from tax. But in 2004, the act was again revived partially. A new provision was introduced in the Income Tax Act 1961 under section 56 (2). According to it, the gifts received by any individual or Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) in excess of Rs. 50,000 in a year would be taxable. Indirect Tax: An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (such as the customer). An indirect tax is one that can be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else. An indirect tax may increase the price of a good so that consumers are actually paying the tax by paying more for the products. The some important indirect taxes imposed in India are as under: Customs Duty: The Customs Act was formulated in 1962 to prevent illegal imports and exports of goods. Besides, all imports are sought to be subject to a duty with a view to affording protection to indigenous industries as well as to keep the imports to the minimum in the interests of securing the exchange rate of Indian currency. Duties of customs are levied on goods imported or exported from India at the rate specified under the customs Tariff Act, 1975 as amended from time to time or any other law for the time being in force. Under the custom laws, the various types of duties are leviable. (1) Basic Duty: This duty is levied on imported goods under the Customs Act, 1962. (2) Additional Duty (Countervailing Duty) (CVD): This is levied under section 3 (1) of the Custom Tariff Act and is equal to excise duty levied on a like product manufactured or produced in India. If a like product is not manufactured or produced in India, the excise duty that would be leviable on that product had it been manufactured or produced in India is the duty payable. If the product is leviable at different rates, the highest rate among those rates is the rate applicable. Such duty is leviable on the value of goods plus basic custom duty payable. (3) Additional Duty to compensate duty on inputs used by Indian manufacturers: This is levied under section 3(3) of the Customs Act. (4) Anti-dumping Duty: Sometimes, foreign sellers abroad may export into India goods at prices below the amounts charged by them in their domestic markets in order to capture Indian markets to the detriment of Indian industry. This is known as dumping. In order to prevent dumping, the Central Government may levy additional duty equal to the margin of dumping on such articles. There are however certain restrictions on imposing dumping duties in case of countries which are signatories to the GATT or on countries given â€Å"Most Favoured Nation Status† under agreement. (5) Protective Duty: If the Tariff Commission set up by law recommends that in order to protect the interests of Indian industry, the Central Government may levy protective anti-dumping duties at the rate recommended on specified goods. 6) Duty on 73 Bounty Fed Articles: In case a foreign country subsidises its exporters for exporting goods to India, the Central Government may impose additional import duty equal to the amount of such subsidy or bounty. If the amount of subsidy or bounty cannot be clearly deter mined immediately, additional duty may be collected on a provisional basis and after final determination, difference may be collected or refunded, as the case may be. (7) Export Duty: Such duty is levied on export of goods. At present very few articles such as skins and leather are subject to export duty. The main purpose of this duty is to restrict exports of certain goods. (8) Cess on Export: Under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Cess Act, 1985 (3 of 1986), 0. 5% ad valorem as the rate of duty of customs be levied and collected as cess on export of all scheduled products. (9) National Calamity Contingent Duty: This duty was imposed under Section 134 of the Finance Act, 2003 on imported petroleum crude oil. This tax was also leviable on motor cars, imported multi-utility vehicles, two wheelers and mobile phones. (10) Education Cess: Education Cess is leviable @ 2% on the aggregate of duties of Customs (except safeguard duty under Section 8B and 8C, CVD under Section 9 and anti-dumping duty under Section 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1985). Items attracting Customs Duty at bound rates under international commitments are exempted from this Cess. (11) Secondary and Higher Education Cess: Leviable @1% on the aggregate of duties of Customs. 12) Road Cess: Additional Duty of Customs on Motor Spirit is leviable and Additional Duty of Customs on High Speed Diesel Oil is leviable by the Finance Act (No. 2), 1998. and the Finance Act, 1999 respectively. (13) Surcharge on Motor Spirit: Special Additional Duty of Customs (Surcharge) on Motor Spirit is leviable by the Finance Act, 2002. Central Excise Duty: The Central Government levies excise duty under the Central Excise Act, 1944 and the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985. Central excise duty is tax which is charged on such excisable goods that are manufactured in India and are meant for domestic consumption. The term â€Å"excisable goods† means the goods which are specified in the First Schedule and the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act 1985. It is mandatory to pay Central Excise duty payable on the goods manufactured, unless exempted eg; duty is not payable on the goods exported out of India. Further various other exemptions are also notified by the Government from the payment of duty by the manufacturers. Various Central Excise are: (1) Basis Excise Duty: Excise Duty, imposed under section 3 of the ‘Central Excises and Salt Act’ of 1944 on all excisable goods other than salt produced or manufactured in India, at the rates set forth in the schedule to the Central Excise tariff Act, 1985, falls under the category of Basic Excise Duty In India. (2) Special Excise Duty: According to Section 37 of the Finance Act, 1978, Special Excise Duty is levied on all excisable goods that come under taxation, in line with the Basic Excise Duty under the Central Excises and Salt Act of 1944. Therefore, each year the Finance Act spells out that whether the Special Excise Duty shall or shall not be charged, and eventually collected during the relevant financial year. (2) Additional Duty of Excise: Section 3 of the ‘Additional Duties of Excise Act’ of 1957 permits the charge and collection of excise duty in respect of the goods as listed in the Schedule of this Act. (4) Road Cess: (a) Additional Duty of Excise on Motor Spirit: This is leviable by the Finance Act (No. 2), 1998. (b) Additional Duty of Excise on High Speed Diesel Oil: This is leviable by the Finance Act, 1999. 5) Surcharge: (a) Special Additional Duty of Excise on Motor Spirit: This is leviable by the Finance Act, 2002. (b) Surcharge on Pan Masala and Tobacco Products: This Additional Duty of Excise has been imposed on cigarettes, pan masala and certain specified tobacco products, at specified rates in the Budget 2005-06. Biris are not subjected to this levy. (6) National Calamity Contingent Duty (NCCD): NCCD was levied on pan masala and certain specified tobacco products vide the Finance Act, 2001. The Finance Act, 2003 extended this levy to polyester filament yarn, motor car, two wheeler and multi-utility vehicle and crude petroleum oil. (7) Education Cess: Education Cess is leviable @2% on the aggregate of duties of Excise and Secondary and Higher Education Cess is Leviable @1% on the aggregate of duties of Excise. (8) Cess – A cess has been imposed on certain products. Service Tax: The service providers in India except those in the state of Jammu and Kashmir are required to pay a Service Tax under the provisions of the Finance Act of 1994. The provisions related to Service Tax came into effect on 1st July, 1994. Under Section 67 of this Act, the Service Tax is levied on the gross or aggregate amount charged by the service provider on the receiver. However, in terms of Rule 6 of Service Tax Rules, 1994, the tax is permitted to be paid on the value received. The interesting thing about Service Tax in India is that the Government depends heavily on the voluntary compliance of the service providers for collecting Service Tax in India. Sales Tax: Sales Tax in India is a form of tax that is imposed by the Government on the sale or purchase of a particular commodity within the country. Sales Tax is imposed under both, Central Government (Central Sales Tax) and State Government (Sales Tax) Legislation. Generally, each State follows its own Sales Tax Act and levies tax at various rates. Apart from sales tax, certain States also imposes additional charges like works contracts tax, turnover tax and purchaser tax. Thus, Sales Tax Acts as a major revenue-generator for the various State Governments. From 10th April, 2005, most of the States in India have supplemented sales tax with a new Value Added Tax (VAT).